Pathophysiology Associated With Disorder Symptoms †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Pathophysiology Associated Disorder Symptoms? Answer: Introducation The patient is suffering form mild and moderate levels of Alzheimers diseases. He is having memory loss and confusion. He is also having issues with recognition of family members and friends and had withdrawn him socially. He is also suffering from depression and therefore he is having a very low quality life. Alzheimers disease mainly affects three important aspects that are helpful in keeping the neuron healthy (Da Mesquito et al., 2016). They are the communication, metabolism as well as the repairs. There are many researchers who have stated that these disorders mainly arise when the important nerve cells of the brain stop working along with the losing of connections with other nerve cells ultimately resulting in death. It the destruction as well as the death of the mentioned nerve cells which become mainly responsible for the cause of memory failure, personality changes as well as problems in leading the daily activities of life (Wood et al., 2015). Researchers are of the opinion that the development of senile plaques precedes the onset of the disorder. Also the formation of neurofibrillar tangles, neuron loss and also synapse loss take place in association of the main progression of cognitive decline. In normal cases, the protein called tau which is responsible in binding with the microtubules of healthy neurons is responsible for stabilising the nerves. In case of the disorder, these tau proteins chemically change and thereby pairs with other threads of tau forming different tangles. These lead to formation of neurofibrillary tangles that affect the communication in between the neurons. These ultimately cause cell death (Kumar Singh, 2015). Also senile plaques which are also called the beta-amyloidal plaques and cerebro-cortical atrophy at the macroscopic level are also responsible for the sufferings of the patients. In case of Alzheimers patients plaques are mainly developed in the hippocampus which is a structure deep in the brain. This part is mainly responsible in encoding memories. Plaques also appear in other areas of cerebral cortex which mainly help an individual in thinking and also in decision making. Therefore it is seen in the case study, that the individual is suffering from memory loss symptoms largely. Tangles are also insoluble twisted fibres that build up inside the nerve cells that hamper the memory system of patients. A large number of studies have suggested that development of depression and also social withdrawal increases the chance of getting affected by dementia and Alzheimers diseases by many folds. Investigations which have been done by researchers show that depression is intricately linked with Alzheimers, the exact biological background is still under controversy but evidences available suggest that depressed people always produce hormone cortisol in high levels. This has negative effect on the part of the brain responsible for new learning as well as short term memory which is the hippocampus (Abolhassani et al., 2017). People like the patient in the case study who are depressed have higher level of cortisol that mainly is hormone related with stress response and also has a smaller hippocampus. Many others suggest that depression causes chronic inflammatory changes which dispose depressed patients to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimers disorder. As his own property was getting g divides, it might have lead him to depression and social withdrawal which h had caused him to suffer form Alzheimers as well. Pharmacologic management: The professional should keep in mind that Alzheimers diseases is a progressive diseases where the patient will continue to decline in function whether they are rerated or are kept without treatment. Therefore, pharmacologic management would be such that it would help to preserve and facilitate the remaining function of the synapse and allowing a higher level of function for a longer time rather than making goals of stopping the neuronal loss (Carbera et al., 2015). The later is simply not logical and will not bring any fruitful results. Slowing the decline will be beneficial for the patients and although the management would not fully cure him of the disorder but will help to slow down the process of degradation. One of the best treatment paradigms would be to avail for the cholinergic benefits. If the loss of acetylcholine is the main reason that results in defect of the primary neurotransmitter, then increment in its production and at the same time inhibiting destruction and also activating the receptors provide a beneficial therapy for slowing the decline (Wang et al., 2014). ACH breaks down in the synaptic junctions by acetylcholinesterase. By this breakdown prevention , medicines of this enzyme group can prevent destruction of ACH. Donepezil, rivastigimine and galantamine are important acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors who work in the same patterns. They have low incidence of serous reactions but they show various cholinergic side effects. These include anorexia, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhoea; however the patient develops tolerance to them over time. They help in improvement of cognition, global impressions, functions, disturbed behaviours and others. Instruments that measure the cognit ion power are the Mini-Mental State Examination, Alzheimer's disease Assessment Scale, Cognitive Section, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Physical Self-Maintenance Scale and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living1 and others are also used (Varcolis et al. 2016). Vitamin E is also believed to mitigate the inflammatory response of the plaque formation in the brain. Memantine is a recently approved drug by NMDA antagonist. They basically interfere with the glutaminergic overstimulation causing excite-toxicity. By interfering with that of the excite-toxicity it affects the receptors of NMDA that takes part in memory processing and pathology of the disorder. The drug is found to be very effective in trials conducted by researchers and bring positive results in cognition, function and also in behaviour and global status. Pathology tests have showed that people who suffer from the disorders have microscopic inflammation in their brain and as a result anti-inflammatory agents are found to be useful in such a scenario. These often include diclofenac, rofecoxib, naproxen and also most recently ibuprofen. However, there are not many evidences which suggest the continuance of the medicines as protective agents for Alzheimers disorder. Herbal supplements are also said to be helpful for this disorder when used in conjunction of other prescribed therapies. The most frequent choice includes the use of ginko biloba which mainly act as a flavoglycoside in its pharmacologic effect. This mainly acts a s potent free radical scavenger and function as antioxidant. References: Abolhassani, N., Leon, J., Sheng, Z., Oka, S., Hamasaki, H., Iwaki, T., Nakabeppu, Y. (2017). Molecular pathophysiology of impaired glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative DNA damage in Alzheimer's disease brain.Mechanisms of ageing and development,161, 95-104. Cabrera, E., Sutcliffe, C., Verbeek, H., Saks, K., Soto-Martin, M., Meyer, G., ... RightTimePlaceCare Consortium. (2015). Non-pharmacological interventions as a best practice strategy in people with dementia living in nursing homes. A systematic review.European Geriatric Medicine,6(2), 134-150. Constantin, G. (2016). ROLE OF PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION IN COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND ALZHEIMERS DISEASE.Alzheimer's Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association,12(7), P221. D Mesquita, S., Ferreira, A. C., Sousa, J. C., Correia-Neves, M., Sousa, N., Marques, F. (2016). Insights on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: the crosstalk between amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation and the peripheral immune system.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,68, 547-562. Kumar, A., Singh, A. (2015). A review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and its management: an update.Pharmacological Reports,67(2), 195-203. Varcarolis, E. M. (2016).Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing-E-Book: A Communication Approach to Evidence-Based Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Wang, J., Yu, J. T., Wang, H. F., Meng, X. F., Wang, C., Tan, C. C., Tan, L. (2014). Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer9s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, jnnp-2014. Wood, P. L., Medicherla, S., Sheikh, N., Terry, B., Phillipps, A., Kaye, J. A., ... Woltjer, R. L. (2015). Targeted lipidomics of fontal cortex and plasma diacylglycerols (DAG) in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimers disease: validation of DAG accumulation early in the pathophysiology of Alzheimers disease.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,48(2), 537-546.