Aristarchus of Samos Biography

Aristarchus of Samos Biography Quite a bit of what we think about the study of stargazing and divine perceptions depends on perceptions and speculations previously proposed by antiquated spectators in Greece and what is presently the Middle East. These space experts were additionally cultivated mathematicians and eyewitnesses. One of them was a profound scholar named Aristarchus of Samos.â He lived from around 310 B.C.E. through roughly 250 B.C.E. also, his work is as yet regarded today. Despite the fact that Aristarchus was periodically expounded on by early researchers and rationalists, particularly Archimedes (who was a mathematician, designer, and space expert), almost no is thought about his life. He was an understudy of Strato of Lampsacus, head of Aristotles Lyceum. The Lyceum was a position of learning worked before Aristotles time however is frequently associated with his lessons. It existed in both Athens and Alexandria. Aristotles concentrates clearly didn't occur in Athens, but instead during when Strato was leader of the Lyceum at Alexandria. This was likely soon after he took over in 287 B.C.E. Aristarchus went along as a youngster to concentrate under the best personalities of his time. What Aristarchus Achieved Aristarchus is most popular for two things: his conviction that Earth circles (spins) around the Sun and his work endeavoring to decide the sizes and separations of the Sun and Moon comparative with one another.  He was one of the first to consider the Sun as a focal fire similarly as different stars were, and was an early advocate of the possibility that stars were other suns.â In spite of the fact that Aristarchus composed numerous volumes of analysis and examinations, his solitary enduring work, On the Dimensions and Distances of the Sun and Moon, doesn't give any further knowledge into his heliocentric perspective on the universe. While the technique he depicts in it for getting the sizes and separations of the Sun and Moon is essentially right, his last gauges weren't right. This was moore because of an absence of exact instruments and an insufficient information on arithmetic than to the technique he used to concoct his numbers. Aristarchuss intrigue wasnt restricted to our own planet. He speculated that, past the close planetary system, the stars were like the Sun. This thought, alongside his work on the heliocentric model placing the Earth in turn around the Sun, held for a long time. Inevitably, the thoughts of later space expert Claudius Ptolemy - that the universe basically circles Earth (otherwise called geocentrism) - came into vogue, and held influence until Nicolaus Copernicus brought back the heliocentric hypothesis in his compositions hundreds of years later.â It is said that Nicolaus Copernicusâ credited Aristarchus in his treatise, De revolutionibus caelestibus. In it he composed, Philolaus had faith in the portability of the earth, and some even say that Aristarchus of Samos was of that sentiment. This line was crossed out before its distribution, for reasons that are obscure. In any case, unmistakably, Copernicus perceived that another person had accurately found the right situation of the Sun and Earth in the universe. He felt it was significant enough to place into his work. Regardless of whether he crossed it out or another person did is available to discuss. Aristarchus versus Aristotle and Ptolemy There is some proof that Aristarchuss thoughts were not regarded by different savants of his time. Some pushed that he be attempted under the steady gaze of a lot of judges for advancing thoughts against the characteristic request of things as they were comprehended at that point. A large number of his thoughts were legitimately in logical inconsistency with the acknowledged astuteness of the philosopherâ Aristotle and the Greek-Egyptian aristocrat and space expert Claudius Ptolemy. Those two logicians held that Earth was the focal point of the universe, a thought we presently know is wrong.â Nothing in the enduring records of his life propose that Aristarchus was scolded for his opposite dreams of how the universe functioned. In any case, so next to no of his work exists today that history specialists are left with pieces of information about him. All things considered, he was one of the first to attempt and scientifically decide removes in space.â Likewise with his introduction to the world and life, little is known about Aristarchuss passing. A pit on the moon is named for him, in its middle is a pinnacle which is the most brilliant development on the Moon. The cavity itself is situated on the edge of the Aristarchus Plateau, which is a volcanic district on the lunar surface. The cavity was named in Aristarchuss respect by the seventeenth century stargazer Giovanni Riccioli.â Altered and extended via Carolyn Collins Petersen

Hiding Behind the Picture Buddy French

Chapter by chapter guide Starting out: The Story Begins What Lies on the Surface The Conflict inside: Looking for a Shelter The Climax and the Return Back Works Cited Starting out: The Story Begins One of the most confounded and simultaneously the most alluring characters in the story, Buddy French countenances serious clash inside him, which makes him much increasingly unconventional sort to dissect. A neighborhood cop, a man who should battle wrongdoing is typically underestimated by a great many people, and is regularly viewed as an equity machine without any emotions or questions. Promoting We will compose a custom article test on Hiding Behind the Picture: Buddy French explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, rather than the far reaching thought of a genuine police officer, Buddy French needs to manage various issues in the enthusiastic circle, such as clashing with his significant other and managing the unexpected flood of energy towards his ex-schoolmate Sandra. In addition, clearly the issue of Buddy’s examination, in particular, gay sex and medications issues, appears to make the earth wherein Buddy feels rather awkward, which his discussion with Mackenzie (McIvor 65-66) uncovers. Topping as far as possible, the previously mentioned contentions in Buddy’s life cause him to attempt the last advance to determine the issues he faces. Clearly all Buddy needs is to live calmly and make the world a more secure and better spot: What Lies on the Surface There is no uncertainty that Buddy is a serious alluring character. â€Å"Handsome and troubled† (McIvor 4), he is a lot of like a sentimental Prince Charmin. Be that as it may, it must be conceded that the film executive has done everything conceivable not to transform Buddy into another exhausting sad legend. Including a particular quality of his character or highlight of his appearance, the film mollifies the unpleasantness Buddy’s character assumes. For exa mple, the police officer â€Å"chews his nails on the porch† (McIvor 7) or purposely picks an image as though to â€Å"hide† behind it while having a significant discussion with Sandra (McIvor 8). The Conflict inside: Looking for a Shelter It is apparent that Buddy needs some rest from the connections that inconvenience him, yet he can't discover the safe house where he can disregard the excruciating clash inside him. It is basic that Buddy is totally at misfortune when confronting his dangerous relationship †as a conclusive cop and a man of solid will, he believes that he should unravel the complexities without a moment's delay, yet he neglects to cut the Gordian bunch, which makes him much increasingly dubious about his will and influence and drives him to considerably more grounded struggle inside. Holding to the life of the normal as though it were an actual existence float, he looks the most ungainly and wretched way: â€Å"Buddy remains on the yard, despite everything holding the easy chair. He watches Carol drive off† (McIvor 12).Advertising Looking for exposition on craftsmanship and plan? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At this purpose of absolute despondency, Buddy looks as near his foe, Dan Jarvis, as he has never had. Incidentally, the main character that must be a finished differentiation to Buddy French, the man speaking to sexual minority and, in this way, an individual who should be Buddy’s rival in the film, is very near him. Both Buddy and his enemy have very comparative passionate complexities, which makes Buddy’s character always mind boggling. The Climax and the Return Back Culminating at the time when Buddy French needs to pick whether he needs to remain with his significant other Carol or accommodate with Sandra, Buddy’s issue out of nowhere breaks up, and he releases the sentiments. The straightforwardness which Buddy shakes off the p ast is genuinely mind boggling: â€Å"Let’s state it was a piece of another life,† (McIvor 83) he says to his ex, takes Sandra by the hand and â€Å"They leave the station together, not contacting, yet side by side† (McIvor 84). The passionate strain, the difficult danger that was demolishing his life, leaves him, and Buddy is prepared to start from the very beginning once more. Life goes on in Wilby Wonderful. Works Cited McIvor, Daniel. â€Å"Wilby Wonderful.† Bridgewater, NS: Palpable Productions, n.d. PDF document. This exposition on Hiding Behind the Picture: Buddy French was composed and presented by client Layla Russo to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Helping Parents Apply First Aid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Helping Parents Apply First Aid - Essay Example happens when an article is stopped in the windpipe hence a youngster can't relax. The youngster may likewise have a blocked windpipe from having an unfavorably susceptible response to nourishment. Small kids regularly swallow different items and on the grounds that chocking prompts a lacking measure of air into the cerebrum, and medical aid should be directed rapidly (Nelson, 2002). A rundown of things that ought to be available incorporates: †¢ Hand sanitizer with the goal that one can have the option to clean their hands when water or cleanser isn't accessible. †¢ Triple-Antibiotic balm so that there can be the counteraction of contamination. †¢ Thermometer. †¢ Acetaminophen for the agony or fever. †¢ Oral antihistamine for hypersensitive responses. †¢ Instant cold press so as to control the expanding. †¢ Calamine cream to help with the chomps or stings. Technique: 1. Surveying the circumstance: when a kid can't inhale, cry or giggle, at that point there is something that is insubordinately amiss with the kid. 2. In the event that the kid is hacking, it implies that the child’s windpipe is just somewhat blocked. At the point when that is the situation, the youngster ought to be directed to keep hacking. This is the best technique for unblocking the windpipe and specifically to any individual who isn't completely blocked (Nelson, 2002). 3. Request that another individual call the crisis number, for example, 911 while giving the youngster back blows and chest pushes.

The History of Essay Samples for General Ielts Refuted

The History of Essay Samples for General Ielts Refuted The Essay Samples for General Ielts Pitfall There's, naturally, a limit on the range of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. You must be careful with this essay as although you've got to talk about the advantages and disadvantages of the problem, there's a second part to the question which is not about this. You will be shown a situation and you'll need to compose your letter explaining the circumstance or asking for information. There are difference contexts that may be used within the exact subject so that you must make certain that you will be clear in regards to identifying the section of the topic that you're likely to chat about. Essay Samples for General Ielts Secrets The opening paragraph has all of the key details about the graph but itparaphrasesthe question. There's also a hyperlink below to m y Advanced Writing Task 2 Lessons which could be bought for people who desire to learn in greater depth and achieve a greater score. In other words, an academic essay may be an evidence of the depth of your research procedures and the rest of the activities you have executed so you can support the content of your written output. So it's necessary to compose an essay for whichever one that you select, but the other part is different based on which module you're taking. The New Angle On Essay Samples for General Ielts Just Released Annually, an increasing number of people from all around the world opt to leave their home countries and move to a different place. Attempt to use the mouse if you're comfortable sitting back. To a lot of people, it's appropriate to marry for money instead of love. So, for a lot of people, it may appear appropriate to marry for money instead of love. The History of Essay Samples for General Ielts Refuted Furthermore, the paragraph is coherent and t here's a wide selection of language. Check out whether it is possible to turn the page with some arrow keys or click a particular portion of the display, aside from utilizing the mouse to deal with everything. The number of grammatical constructions used seems quite great. There is a broad range of rather natural vocabulary necessary to spell out a graph and there aren't any spelling mistakes. These high score model essays will allow you to know how to answer the essay questions and the way to structure your writing. The classical procedures of teaching always concentrated on the lecture format and examination. When employing a template for a guide, always make sure it's applicable to the study that you're practicing or the academic area or discipline at which you will use your academic essay. There are someA last minute essay writingA activities that are finished in many fields especially if students believe an academic essay is simply part of their requirements. What Doe s Essay Samples for General Ielts Mean? If you merely look at the same side, you can run out of ideas. The manner in which you organize your ideas will certainly influence your score. When you have gathered ideas on this issue, you should properly set your thoughts into words. You don't need to locate some complicated ideas. It'll be useful to have a very good eBook reader to be in a position to truly have an amazing reading experience and premium quality eBook display. The learners will face the actual life situations and do mistakes and that's the best method of learning. You ought not use the eBook continually for a number of hours without breaks. Thus don't get intimidated if you believe you can't write such essays. An essay has to be composed of an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. Always bear in mind your academic essay needs to be playful it must not bore your audience. A well-structured essay has a fantastic introduction, body paragraphs that are simple to follow and connect together, and a great conclusion. First growth is going to be financed by a mixture of equity investment and debt financing. In conclusion, though there are some negative sides to having a single international language, it brings many benefits like the development of global business and economy. Despite how the lipstick manufacturing line business is apparently somewhat saturated in the USA of America, there's a positive outlook for the industry especially in regards to leveraging on the changing trends in technology and beauty cum fashion. CONCLUSION In conclusion, distributing information absolutely free of charge can help in some specific facets but can also be damaging to society. Individuals need to be careful to underestimate the worth and power of knowledge. The very first issue is the reduce quality of life as a result of increasingly heavier burden on the current urban infrastructure. What Essay Samples for General Ielts Is - and What it Is Not While there are numerous advantages to using English as a global language, in addition, it has some negative consequences. If everyone has an identical culture, there's no meaning in visiting different places. There are several ecofriendly technological alternatives to what society employs today that are not as damaging for nature. Also, certain kinds of information in the incorrect hands can be devastating for society.

Guidelines for Starting a Genealogy Business

I often receive emails from genealogists who find that they love family history so much that theyd like to turn it into a career. But how? Can you really earn a living doing what you love? The answer is, sure! If you have strong genealogical research and organizational skills and a keen sense for business, you can earn money working in the family history field. As with any business venture, however, you will need to prepare. Do You Have What it Takes? Perhaps youve researched your own family tree for a few years, taken a few classes, and maybe have even done some research for friends. But does this mean youre ready to earn money as a genealogist? That depends. The first step is to evaluate your qualifications and skills. How many years have you been seriously involved with genealogy research? How strong are your methodology skills? Are you familiar with properly citing sources, creating abstracts and extracts, and the genealogical proof standard? Do you belong to and participate in genealogical societies? Are you able to write a clear and concise research report? Evaluate your professional preparedness by taking stock of your strengths and weaknesses. Bone Up On Your Skills Follow up your evaluation of your strengths and weaknesses with education in the form of classes, conferences and professional reading to fill in any holes in your knowledge or experience. Id suggest putting Professional Genealogy: A Manual for Researchers, Writers, Editors, Lecturers and Librarians (edited by Elizabeth Shown Mills, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2001) at the top of your reading list! I also recommend joining the Association of Professional Genealogists and/or other professional organizations so that you can benefit from the experience and wisdom of other genealogy professionals. They also offer a two-day Professional Management Conference (PMC) each year in conjunction with the Federation of Genealogical Societies conference which covers topics specifically geared to genealogists working in their profession. Consider Your Goal Making a living as a genealogist can mean a lot of different things to a lot of different people. Besides the standard genealogical research conducted for individuals, you can also specialize in finding missing people for the military or other organizations, working as a probate or heir searcher, offering on-site photography, writing articles or books for the popular press, conducting family history interviews, designing and running Web sites for genealogical societies and organizations, or writing or assembling family histories. Use your experience and interests to help choose a niche for your genealogical business. You can choose more than one, but it is also good not to spread yourself too thin. Create a Business Plan Many genealogists consider their work a hobby and dont feel that it warrants anything as serious or formal as a business plan. Or that it is only important if youre applying for a grant or a loan. But if youre planning to make a living from your genealogy skills, you need to begin by taking them seriously. A good mission statement and business plan sums up the path we plan to follow, and helps us to succinctly explain our services to prospective clients. A good business plan includes the following: an executive summary overviewing the business name and location, your name and experience, and the mission statement.a list of products and services offered by your businessa description and analysis of the genealogy industry, including the local competition and its experience, services, pricing structure, and their length of time in business.a marketing strategy including anything which makes our service unique (such as location near a valuable genealogical repository or any unusual experience) and a description of the pricing for our services. More: Business Plan Basics Set Realistic Fees One of the most common questions asked by genealogists just starting out in business for themselves is how much to charge. As you might expect, there is no clear cut answer. Basically, your hourly rate should take into account your level of experience; the profit you hope to realize from your business as it relates to the amount of time you can devote to your business each week; the local market and competition; and the start-up and operating expenses you plan to incur. Dont sell yourself short by undercutting what your time and experience is worth, but also dont charge more than the market will bear. Stock Up on Supplies The nice thing about a genealogy-based business is you typically wont have a lot of overhead. You most likely already have many of the things you will need if you love genealogy enough to want to pursue it as a career. A computer and Internet access is helpful, along with subscriptions to major genealogy Web sites -- especially those that cover your primary areas of interest. A good car or other transportation to get you to the courthouse, FHC, library, and other repositories. A filing drawer or cabinet to house your client files. Office supplies for organization, correspondence, etc. Market Your Business I could write an entire book (or at least a chapter) on marketing your genealogy business. Instead, Ill just point you to the chapter on Marketing Strategies by Elizabeth Kelley Kerstens, CG in Professional Genealogy. In it she covers all aspects of marketing, including researching the competition, creating business cards and flyers, putting up a Web site for your genealogy business, and other marketing strategies. I have two tips for you: 1) Check the membership roster of APG and local societies to find other genealogists who are working in your geographic location or area of expertise. 2) Contact libraries, archives and genealogical societies in your area and ask to be added to their list of genealogical researchers. Next Certification, Client Reports, Other Skills Starting a Genealogy Business, page 1 Get Certified While it isnt necessary to work in the genealogy field, certification in genealogy provides validation of your research skills and helps assure a client that you are producing quality research and writing and that your credentials are backed by a professional body. In the U.S., two major groups offer professional testing and credentialing for genealogists - the Board for Certification of Genealogists (BCG) and the International Commission for the Accreditation of Professional Genealogists (ICAPGen). Similar organizations exist in other countries. Further Requirements There are a variety of other skills and requirements that go into operating a genealogy business that arent covered in this introductory article. As an independent contractor or sole proprietor, youll need to familiarize yourself with the financial and legal ramifications of operating your own business. You will also need to learn how to develop a contract, write a good client report and keep track of your time and expenses. Suggestions for further research and education on these and other topics include connecting with other professional genealogists, attending the APG PMC conference discussed previously, or enrolling in a ProGen Study Group, which employs an innovative method of collaborative learning focused on developing genealogical research skills and business practices. You dont need to do it all at once, but you will also want to be adequately prepared before you start out. Professionalism is critical in the field of genealogy and once youve damaged your professional credibil ity through shoddy work or disorganization, its hard to repair. Kimberly Powell, About.coms Genealogy expert since 2000, is a professional genealogist, past president of the Association of Professional Genealogists, and  author of The Everything Guide to Online Genealogy, 3rd Edition. Click here for more information on Kimberly Powell.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ) Essay - 1899 Words

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of psychotherapy developed by Aaron Beck in the early 1960s (Beck, 2011). Its roots lay in famous theories and models, such as: Pavlov and his dogs, Albert Bandura, and Albert Ellis. (Coady Leeman, 2008). CBT is directed towards solving existing problems and modifying dysfunctional thinking by therapist using structured, goal oriented, short term sessions. The goal of CBT is to change the client’s patterns of thinking or behavior that are the root of the client’s difficulties. By changing the client’s thinking and behavior, the results change how they feel. The cognitive model recognizes the influence dysfunctional thinking has on the client’s mood and behavior. Clients who can evaluate their thinking realistically can improve their emotional state. The relevance of using CBT on this client is her automatic thoughts resulting from seeing older men in public. The client admits when she sees older men to automatically wonders what he does for a living and if he likes to â€Å"get busy and party.† The Client states while she has been in treatment she has seen older men while out of the facility. She becomes sad knowing she can’t make money and feels depressed; however, she knows her past lifestyle must change in order for her to recover. The Client’s automatic thoughts of seeing older men causing her to become depressed and must be modified. More and more practitioners are using evidence basedShow MoreRelatedCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )2001 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is ubiquitous and a proven approach to treatment for a host of diverse psychological difficulties (Wedding Corsini, 2014). There are copious of acceptable created experiments that show to be highly useful in treating anxiety disorders through GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder approach (Fawn Spiegler, 2008). The purpose of this assignment is to expound on the client’s demography and demonstrating concern. The first procedure in this assignment willRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )937 Words   |  4 PagesFirst and foremost, what is cognitive behavioral therapy? The Mayo Clinic website defines cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as a common type of psychotherapy, talk therapy, wherein the individual seeking therapy works with a mental health counselor in a structured way for a prescribed set of meeting. (web citation) CBT is a goal oriented therapeutic approach which allows the individual in therapy to identify troubling situations or conditions in their life; allows the individual to become awareRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1373 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review Cognitive behavioral therapy is a widely-used technique that is practiced in a variety of different fields across the spectrum. Cognitive behavioral therapy is derived from the cognitive behavioral theory. According to Dorflinger (2016), Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a therapy approach that addresses maladaptive thoughts and behaviors that can negatively impact mood and overall function (p. 1286). Cognitive behavioral therapy is a mix between cognitive therapy and behaviorRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1257 Words   |  6 Pages Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term, empirically valid amalgamation of facets from cognitive and behavior therapies. Cognitive-behaviorists believe that psychological problems stem from maladaptivity in both thought and behavior patterns, whether self-taught or learned from others. Therefore, changes have to take place in both thoughts and actions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is structured as collaboration between clie nt and therapist, focusing on the present. A prominent aspectRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ) Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a therapeutic approach that is based on a combination of cognitive and behavioral therapy. CBT focuses on how a person’s distorted thought process and inaccurate belief system influences their mood and behaviors. Once it can be identified, the blended therapy aims to change a person’s thinking to be more adaptive and healthy, which will lead to change unhealthy behavior patterns (National Institute of Mental Health, 2015). This type of psychotherapy has beenRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1697 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is one therapeutic approach that is capable of providing this group with effective psychotherapeutic treatment and interventions as well as approaches that enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of group therapy. Often developed for sk ills training, cognitive-behavioral groups are characterized by the use of practical interventions focused on behavior modification techniques (Wilson, Bouffard, and Mackenzie; 2005). The therapeutic goal of cognitive behavioralRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1417 Words   |  6 Pagesgoals. In review of Elizabeth’s assessment, the models of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Psychotherapy will be reviewed in detail to determine which is best to be applied to her presenting clinical symptoms. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a widely utilized intervention within the field of social work practice. According to Hepworth (2011), it is considered to be the cornerstone of cognitive behavioral approaches (p.408-09). CBT focuses on the premise that thoughts trigger an emotionalRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ) Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an insight-focused therapy that emphasizes the here-and-now. It is typically brief and time-limited, collaborative in nature, fairly structured and empirically based (Freeman, Felgoise, Nezu, Nezu, Reinecke, 2005). Aaron Beck is a major name that arises when discussing the origins of CBT. Beck (1970) contends that individual perceptions of events shape feelings and behaviors. This theory places emphasis on the concept of automatic thoughts. Automatic thoughtsRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )1990 Words   |  8 PagesCognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a branch of ps ychotherapy that encompasses several approaches; falling under the heading of CBT. CBT is based on the premise that people s emotional responses and behavior are strongly influenced by cognitions; the fundamental principle being: different cognitions give rise to different emotions and behaviors. CBT was developed out of a combination of both behavior and cognitive principles. CBT is the most empirically supported therapy model and is used toRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt )2209 Words   |  9 Pagesto get the support they need because they do not have the appropriate resources. Furthermore, both therapy and medication do cost a price and not everyone is able to afford it. Treatment, such as therapy, is extremely important for people who suffer from anxiety and depression so that they are able to learn new strategies and overcome their struggles. In particular, Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has become very popular and is currently being used by many practitioners in order to change patterns

High School Students the Exit Exam free essay sample

Should high school seniors be required to pass a statewide exam in order to graduate? A high school graduation examination is a test that students must pass to receive a diploma and graduate from high school. These are usually criterion-reference test which were implemented as part of a comprehensive standard-based education reform program which sets in place new standards intended to increase that learning of all students. High school students should be required to pass a basic capability in reading, writing, and arithmetic. An exit exam is a uniform way to measure basic skills, without human scoring, which can sometimes be bias. Twenty-six states require high school students to pass an exit exam. No child left behind act of 2001 is considered to be one of the main causes and catalyst for the rise in exit-exams. Exit exams can be a critical for lever or incentive for encouraging students to reach higher standards. We will write a custom essay sample on High School Students the Exit Exam or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Across the nation about 42% of community college freshman enroll at least one remedial course, thus a vast majority of students are lacking the basic skills, thus America’s high schools are not preparing many of their students for the demand of both college and the modern workforce. There a number of benefits that stem from statewide exit exams the results of the exams are valuable in that they demonstrate not only which students need additional preparation but which students need additional preparation but also they demonstrate what areas of the curriculum needs improvement. The resources available and accessible today are astonishing to help prepare students. Teacher, students, and parents should all be held accountable for high school students learning the basic skills needed to pass a statewide exit exam. The exams are based on eight and tenth grade basic academic content. Many parents, educators, and critics of the exit exams argue they favor white students and suburban school districts with higher budgets than city school districts, these arguments are unfounded.

5 Steps on How to Sound like Mozart in a Music Term Paper Full Guide

5 Steps on How to Sound like Mozart in a Music Term Paper Full Guide Everyone has apparently heard about such a great composer as Mozart. His symphonies are surely listened by thousands all over the world. In fact, his musical works have been celebrated, studied, and performed when he hardly began composing music. Always want to know what inspires people to create prominent art pieces? We hope that our complete guide on how to write a music term paper will be effective for writing your music term paper. As an academic paper is referred to music, get inspired by the famous Mozart’s works to establish fame as a brilliant student at a college or university. What Topics Can Be Covered in My Term Paper? As a term paper is the main research that is written by a student for a particular class or subject during the school year, the topics must: Refer to the subject in which you are going to write a paper. If you’re a student of Music, find a topic that would be related to the main concepts in music genres, styles, history, expressive techniques, etc. Limit the research area in which you’re going to investigate a topic. If a topic is too broad or narrow, it will be difficult to research. Even if the research area is Music, specify what you’re going to work on. Be reasonably practical in the academic world. If a topic interests only you as a researcher (maybe, it seems to you that it is easy to deal with it), be sure that it may be of little interest among the others. Choose the topic that could double the value of your work. The following list of topics meets all the criteria above mentioned. All of them are divided into subcategories. Just look at the topics and start to work on one of them. Genres of music. There are various genres of music to speak about. Don’t talk about taste in music. Be objective while presenting genres. For example, you can explain how they affect the listener. Orchestral and Symphonic Music: Main Features that Attract the Listener; Jazz Age: Its Role in World Culture; Reggae Music: Identity, Place, and Representatives. History of music. According to the BBC article, the prehistory of music begins about 40,000 years ago. It means there are some issues that can interest the modern scientists. Early Humans and Music: What Are the First Forms of Music Expression; The History of Country Music: From the Early 1920s to Present; The Origins of Popular Music: Its Distribution to Large Audiences. Philosophy of music. By nature, a human being is always engaged in philosophical speculation. Music is an area in which people have different philosophical perspectives as well. Musical Perceptions Differ from Generation to Generation; A Phenomenology of Music: What Is Beyond the Sound Phenomena?; Aesthetics of Music: What Makes Music Aesthetically Pleasing? Music in Commercials. Nowadays, music is everywhere. Many commercial companies use music as an effective way to influence an audience. Does Really Music Affect Brand Perception?; The Meaning of Music for Commercial Needs: What Works, What Doesn’t and Why; What Types of Music Are Used by Commercials? Music as therapy. Today it is possible to receive treatment in different ways. One such means is music therapy. The Effects of Music Therapy on Human Health: Is It Effective Today?; Practical Means of Using Music with the Therapeutic Effect; Approaches to Music Therapy Used in the 21st Century. If you decide to deal with the topics suggested in the list, you should read all the available background material. It allows you to: get an overview of the topic; know how many information sources you can rely on; appreciate the research rationale. How to Select a Topic for My Term Paper by Doing It Myself? After all, find it hard to know what topic exactly suits your academic interest? You have several options choose something interesting from our list or invent your own. Try to choose the most valuable one on your own like the ability to develop a good research topic is not less important than the writing skills. Focus on keywords or concepts that may be interesting for you in Music. Like composers and their outstanding artworks? Write them down. Proceeding from keywords, you can go ahead. Define the narrow aspect from which you’ll use the keywords. Want to discuss the effects of music on human beings? It isn’t a good idea to investigate this issue from the perspective of musical trends. Focus on your research questions. Know what you want to cover in a research paper? Great! Specify the questions that you want to answer while researching. Start researching a topic to answer questions. Asked yourself but don’t know the detailed answers to the research questions? You can read the encyclopedia articles, for example, the Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Don’t be afraid to modify your topic during the research process. After you decide on what topic you’ll explore on paper, be ready to change it slightly. This is normal practice when a researcher finds some aspects more interesting and feasible. Remember that you need to do some research and reading before the final topic can be selected. On these grounds, it is reasonable to think of writing a term paper in advance. What Strategies Are Effective for My Term Paper Writing? Most college students are so impatient that skip the essential stage prewriting. As a rule, such impatience often turns out to be costly. Moreover, the kind of writing without proper preparation can be much more time-consuming than you can imagine. What is better for a carpenter to prepare all necessary wooden objects beforehand and then work with them altogether, or work with a wooden object, then go to the woods to take one more, and do it again and again? Think of the writing process like in any job. Take enough time to plan and get your ideas organized on paper. Only after that, you should start the first draft. The Writing Center of the University of Kansas offers some useful prewriting strategies. To write a term paper, you are highly recommended to: Use mind mapping. It is a graphic way to capture all your ideas. You place a topic in the center of the page and draw a circle around it. Different words, phrases, and ideas that come to your mind are written around and circled as well. Connect the related circles. Continue as long as you have the complex map of your thoughts. Below is an example of a mind map created for the topic: ‘Cultural Production of the 21st Century: Is a Remix Reality or Invention?’ Make an outline. It is an important skill that every student should have. It involves the ability to present the main ideas or facts about something, without giving details. This way of organizing your thoughts saves greatly your time. Start freewriting. It means that you’ll start expressing all your ideas from your head on paper or computer screen in full. Concentrate on writing itself without paying attention to grammar, spelling or punctuation. Just write for 5-10 minutes non-stop. If you adopt all these strategies for your writing, be 100% sure that you will stop struggle with any written assignment. What Steps Are Vital for Writing A Research Paper? The procedure of writing is definite and should be followed to produce an A+ term paper. Our step-by-step guide is to help you to know the peculiarities of good academic papers. 1.  Ã‚   Hunt for Information Sources Asking, â€Å"Where to find sources that would add credibility to my research paper?† Firstly, you should know what type of information is needed: Want to know the latest news? Visit such broadcast media sites as BBC or PBS. Need the background information? Consult an encyclopedia. Want to underpin your paper with the statistical data? Click on the statistical portal. Need research on a topic? Find scholarly articles by subject from the database. Need information on music events? Scroll the website of a popular magazine. Secondly, you should know 3 types of sources: Primary sources present the original materials on which your research can be based. They are speeches, reports, articles, surveys, dissertations, recordings, artworks, etc. Secondary sources contain the information provided by primary sources. Examples of secondary sources are bibliographies, reviews, monographs, etc. Tertiary sources provide an overview of what the topic includes (a terminology, the background information). They include dictionaries, encyclopedias, guidebooks, indexes, etc. However, they aren’t so acceptable in academic researches as the previous ones. After you find a necessary source from which you can take information for your research paper, you need to have a notebook at hand. Just write down the author’s name, some facts or evidence near it and a page number if it is a book. It will be much easier to fill in a reference page. Additionally, there are more chances to grasp some valuable ideas while browsing through resources. 2.  Ã‚   Draw an Outline of Your Term Paper Previously, we explained why it is important to outline any paper. It’s time to get prepared for excellent writing. Only if a properly structured outline is in front of your eyes, you’ll manage to structure the whole research paper properly as well. Take care to mention all the necessary points. Then, you can delete some if you consider them unessential for your term paper. 3.  Ã‚   Work on the First Draft After notetaking, creating an outline, it is quite significant to write drafts, at least a draft. It is just a rough copy that you will have to shape, edit and strengthen along the way towards an A+ term paper. Focus on the content. Measure the flow of information mentioned in an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Stick to the point; Compose logically complete parts; Vary sentence length from simple to complex. Use smooth transitions between sentences; Avoid too long sentences and too short paragraphs. 4.  Ã‚   Write the Final Version of a Term Paper Now, you’re ready to start writing a term paper with the detailed presentation of the factual evidence, a proper structure, a reasonable accuracy. Pay attention to the features of an academic paper. It should attempt to be accurate, impersonal and objective. Study some examples of writing in your subject area. Then, you can proceed to your own writing by developing your own writing style. 5.  Ã‚   Give the Finishing Touches to Your Paper Yes, you can breathe out after the full point is placed at the end of your paper. However, you shouldn’t ignore the stage where the final editing is planned. Look through your paper several times. It would be much better if you could find enough time to read it aloud several times. You’ll be able to notice all possible errors in grammar or spelling. Be as precise as possible when giving facts or figures, and providing someone’s words a name, source, year, page should be noted. Keep in mind that there is a notable difference between citation styles (APA, MLA, Harvard, etc.) Check your assignment to be sure that you write according to the particular formatting style. Well done! Finally, your paper can be successfully submitted if you follow properly all the steps in pre-writing/writing/post-writing. You will notice how simple it becomes to deal with a term paper if you’re supported with the correct guidelines from your instructor or our professional custom paper writing service.

NYU, New York University and Early Decision

NYU, New York University and Early Decision If you know that NYU is the school that you most want to attend, applying through tone of the universitys early decision options might be a wise choice. Key Takeaways: NYU and Early Decision NYU has two early decision options: Early Decision I has a November 1st deadline, and Early Decision II has a January 1st deadline.Applying early decision is one of the best ways to demonstrate your sincere interest in NYU, and it can improve your chances of getting in.Early decision is binding. If admitted, you are required to attend. The Advantages of Early Decision If you have a clear first-choice college that is highly selective, you should certainly consider applying early decision or early action if these options are available. At the great majority of colleges, the acceptance rate is higher for students who apply early; this point is remarkably clear in this early application information for the Ivy League. NYUs admissions website notes that for the class of 2021, the overall admit rate was 28 percent, while the admit rate for early decision was 38 percent. Note that this means that applying early increases your chances of admission by more than 10 percent, for the overall admit rate includes the early decision student pool. There are several reasons why you have a better chance of admission when applying early. For one, students who are able to get their applications together in October are clearly ambitious, organized, and good time managers. These are all traits possessed by successful college students. Also, colleges frequently use demonstrated interest as a factor when evaluating applications. A student who applies early is clearly interested. This is particularly true for early decision since applicants can apply to only one school through an early decision option. Finally, early decision applicants have the advantage of learning the decision of the admissions office early. Students who apply through NYUs Early Decision I will receive their decision by December 15th, and those who apply through Early Decision II get a decision by February 15th. Regular decision applicants dont receive a decision until April 1st. The Drawbacks of Early Decision If you know that New York University is your top choice school and you are able to complete a strong application by the deadline, early decision is definitely the way to go. The option, however, is not for everyone, and it does have a few drawbacks: Early decision is binding. If you are admitted, you are required to attend, and you must withdraw all of your other college applications.Because early decision is binding, you wont be able to compare different financial aid offers from multiple schools.If you are applying Early Decision I, you need to request letters of recommendation as soon as the school year starts, and youll want to take the SAT or ACT early.If youre doing well academically in your senior year, the admissions staff at NYU will likely be making a decision before they see any of your senior year grades. However, early decision does have its drawbacks. The most obvious of these is that the deadline is, well, early. Its often difficult to have SAT or ACT scores in hand by the end of October or early November, and you may want to have some of your senior grades and extracurricular accomplishments as part of your application. NYU's Early Decision Policies NYU changed its application options in 2010 to expand the early decision applicant pool. The prestigious Manhattan university now has two early decision deadlines NYU Application Options Option Application Deadline Decision Early Decision I November 1 December 15 Early Decision II January 1 February 15 Regular Decision January 1 April 1 If youre familiar with NYU, you may be wondering how January 1st is considered early. After all, the regular admission deadline is also January 1st. The answer has to do with the nature of early decision. If you are accepted under early decision, NYUs policy states that you must withdraw all applications you may have submitted to other colleges, and ... pay a tuition deposit within three weeks of notification. For regular admissions, nothing is binding and you have until May 1st to make a decision about which college to attend. In short, NYUs Early Decision II option is a way for students to tell the university that NYU is their first choice and they will definitely attend NYU if accepted. While the deadline is the same as regular admission, students who apply under Early Decision II can clearly demonstrate their interest in NYU. Early Decision II applicants have the added perk that they will receive a decision from NYU by mid-February, over a month early than applicants in the regular decision pool. NYU does not indicate if Early Decision I has any advantage over Early Decision II. However, Early Decision I applicants are clearly telling NYU that the university is their first choice. The timing of Early Decision II is such that an applicant can be rejected through Early Decision at another university, and still apply in time for Early Decision II at NYU. So for Early Decision II applicants, NYU might be their second choice school. If NYU is definitely your first choice school, it may be to your advantage to apply Early Decision I. A Final Word About NYU and Early Decision Do not apply early decision to NYU or any college unless you are absolutely sure that the school is your first choice. Early decision (unlike early action) is binding, and if you change your mind you will lose a deposit, violate your contract with the early decision school, and even run the risk of having applications at other schools voided. You should also avoid early decision if you are concerned about financial aid and what the option of shopping around for the best offer.

Ethical Issues in Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Issues in Information Systems - Essay Example The issue has also posed a problem of accountability for the consequences of information systems and set standards to safeguard system quality. The extensive use of internet technology has posed new challenges for the safeguarding of individual privacy. Information set over the vast network may have to go through many different computer systems prior to reaching the intended recipient. Each of the systems can monitor, capture, and store the information that go through it. The new technologies can allow a person to record all online activities and Internet usage of employees, customers (both potential and existing), and the general mass around the globe. In most cases, the people do not know that their activities are carefully monitored (Zhang, 2011). The organizations can use cookies, web bugs, spyware and other intrusive software to spy on people (Williams, 2002). The U.S. has allowed organizations to collect transaction information via systems for the sole purpose of marketing. However, user privacy during interaction with websites needs protection. Thus, technical solutions exist for this purpose. Many specialized tools offer encryption of email and surfing activities to make the online activities anonymous. Others allow the client computers to reject cookies. Still, other devices detect and eliminate spyware. Some tools also help users to determine the type of personal data that websites can extract. The technological tools are helpful since they ensure that personal data of the user does not leak all over the network. Modern information systems have challenged current laws and social properties that safeguard private intellectual property. According to Williams (20020, it is because ill-intentioned persons can easily copy and distribute computerized information. Unlike physical media (like books, CDs, and journals), digital media is easy to replicate, transmit,

Erectile dysfunction & Gender Identity disorder Essay

Erectile dysfunction & Gender Identity disorder - Essay Example As an erection is so intrinsically tied to masculinity, not being able to achieve one often attacks a man’s sense of his own man-hood. He feels shame and guilt, which often instigates further issues in achieving an erection. In this particular case, a differential diagnosis is helpful because the inability to achieve an erection is caused by a myriad of factors, ranging from daily routine, to physical ailments, and to psychological problems. In creating a list of these three areas, doctors are able to ascertain which area, or what combination of factors is causing the problem. Understanding the root of the problem, which is frequently caused by issues outside of the man’s sexual life, will enable doctors to create an appropriate treatment to rectify the problem. This treatment may take the form of a healthier lifestyle, which involves limiting smoking, drinking, eating unhealthy foods, recreational drug use, lack of sleep, etc. These issues may also contribute to physic al ailments which are contributing to the problem, such as obesity. Finally, the doctor can address the psychological problems involved in the disorder, including feelings of self worth, a possible history of sexual abuse, stress at work, and marital and familial problems. The video included two men, both of which were Caucasian and, presumably, from the middle class. Historically, White men have not had to explain their sexuality, nor have they experienced attacks on their sexuality in terms of being defined as barbaric, as seen in the depiction of African males, or as too effeminate, as seen in the depiction of Asian males. In this regard, White males may be more inclined to visit a doctor and receive the necessary treatment to cure the problem. However, the significance of machismo or the centrality of the male in gender relations may prevent a non-White

Gate Keeping Essay Example for Free

Gate Keeping Essay There are many processes a newspaper must go through before it can be sold in a newsagent and lots of people are involved in making just one article. The process that makes this article is called Gate keeping. To begin with, the news is first caught hold of by the news agencies, who then sell the stories to the news media. The copy taster then makes a quick selection of stories they consider news worthy to the paper they are working for, although they only dismiss the obvious non news worthy stories as they dont hold a great deal of responsibility. What they consider suitable they send off to the news editor. It is the news editors job to make a definitive judgment if which stories will be followed up and which ones will not. They decide what angle to take on the story according to what perceptions they want to portray to the reader. They then select, in their own opinion, reporters and photographers they consider suitable to create the story. However, if the story took place in another county, a foreign news editor will be assigned to this job instead. Photographers and reporters work on the same time scale. They decide how to display the information, and it is their job to research the story before working on it so that they have their facts clear (this also comes into importance when the story is handed to the sub editor). This might include going to the site the event took place, going to interviews, searching the library or the internet. The reporters will then write up the story taking into consideration what the news editor has suggested to them. Their copy must be given to the news editor before the deadline. The news editor will then check it, and make sure it has taken the correct angles and spins. If it has not they will give it back to the reporter with suggestions of how to make it more news worthy. The photographers discuss with the head photographer what photos will be best suited to the story. They then research the story, and their prints must be developed and handed to the picture editor by the deadline stated. It is the picture editors responsibility to crop and enlarge the photos, to best fit the story. Everything is then handed to the sub editor who will then correct spelling and grammar, write eye catching headlines and captions, check that the story is within the law, i.e. so no one can take legal action against the newspaper. They also decide the layout of the article, making sure words dont overlap pictures etc. Everything is then handed to the editor who then writes an editorial and is in charge of advertising. Designers are employed to create adverts and work on features. For smaller articles in the newspaper, a features editor is employed. Therefore a newspaper begins at a news agency and end up at a newsagent.

Global Positioning System: Decreasing Crop Chemical Application on wit

Decreasing Chemical Application with Technology Works Cited Not Included Many people may wonder why it is so important to decrease chemical application on the farm. When people go to the store they often do not think about what goes into the apple or piece of bread they eat. The more chemicals that farmers use on the crops that are sold to the general public increase the chance that those chemicals get into the food we eat. There are many ways that the government and farmers are trying to reduce the amount of chemicals they are using. These range from simply doing crop rotation to genetically modifying plants and animals. Some of the most common ways farmers are decreasing chemical application with technology are biotechnology, GPS units, and improved equipment. These are all ways that will help reduce the amount of chemicals that get from the field to the dinner table. Biotechnology refers generally to the application of a wide range of scientific techniques to the modification and improvement of plants, animals, and microorganisms that are of the economic importance. (Persley, Gabrielle pg. 1). Biotechnology has occurred in two stages. In the first stage, genetic modifications have included input traits such as pest resistance and herbicide tolerance, providing advantages to farmers in the production phase without changing the final product. The input traits of the first stages in genetically modified crops may increase farmers’ net profits through savings in production costs, reducing chemical use, increased flexibility in crops planted, and in some cases increased crop yield. The second stage of genetic modification will focus on output traits such as improved nutritional features and proc... ...nd more atomization fewer chemicals will have to be used and it will reduce the amount of chemicals that are wasted. In conclusion I hope that this information will help explain the ways that biotechnology, Global Positioning Systems and advanced equipment can help reduce the amount of chemicals that are used on the farm. Biotechnology is not a bad idea and is possibly the only way that we can keep up with ever changing weeds and pests. GPS system can help improve field records and give you more precise farming and will pay for themselves in the end. Last but not least always look for new advanced technology and don’t be afraid of it. Technology is always changing and every day there are new advances in this field that can help farmers produce more with fewer chemicals so that in the end fewer chemicals will reach the dinner table.

Money Brings Happiness?

Name: Nguy? n Th? Thu Hi? n Class: Lu? t anh 2 Homework: Many pepple think that money brings happiness. Do you agree with them. Why or why not? Essay: â€Å"Does money bring happiness? † This is the question that everyone has the different answers. I agree with many people about money brings happiness. Money helps we have material comforts and spiritual joy. In fact, if we have no money, we can’t buy goods, clothes, and other necessaries which we need. If we have a lot of money, we can improve our spiritual activities easily.We can go to the movies every weekend, and we can buy any expensive gifts for the people who we love. Money helps the poor have a will-fed life. For the rich, money helps them have pure happiness because they can help the poor and the victims of the disasters. It is said that: â€Å" Money is the root of all evil. † No, it is not true. Money is normally the fruit of labour. The question is how one spends that money. There is nothing good or e vil about money. The same money which can help bring relief to the suffering millions, can be used to build up armaments.The power decides how to spend the money. ————————————————- In summary, the money brings happiness only when we use it properly. The right use of money may bring us a comfortable life and a cheerful heart. Ng? c Tho? i Nguy? n Being poor can certainly bring unhappiness, but having money does not guarantee happiness. Some people assume that because extreme poverty brings extreme unhappiness that the opposite must be true. It is not. There are a lot of very unhappy very rich people.Acquiring money can too easily become the center of life's focus and that can become an obsession. Like most obsessions, it's not a good thing. The Bible says that the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. That seems to be a universal truth. When you love money more than anything else in life you will find that you can never get enough of it. When life only revolves around getting money you start to obsess over what it can bring you and then you lose any chance of happiness. ————————————————- The happiest people I know are not the richest.They are the people who have learned to be happy with what they have and make the most of life. I have seen people made deeply miserable by poverty, but at the same time I have seen relatively poor people who are happy because they have a positive and thankful attitude about life. Nguyen Khac Hoang: We are living in the 21th century, when many new inventions have discovered. As far as I know, one of them, which has big influence over the world is internet. So do you wonder: â€Å" Why do they like to use the Internet? † The internet always brings a better life.In fact, without internet people are alive and still exist but nobody can deny the benefits of the it. Firstly, it’s a source of information. People can get the latest information about weather forecast, daily events all around the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. at any time as well. Before the Internet was invented, people can’t get the information as fast as now, they must watch TV programs, buy newspapers or magazines. Thanks to Internet, we can widen our knowledge in an inexpensive and convenient way. Secondly, Internet is a source of entertainment. If y feel tired of bored, y can listen to music or watch any films y like.Moreover, many people like to play games on the Internet because they are very interesting, wonderful and this doesn’t cost as much. You can also communicate with friends or ralatives by means of e-mail or chatting. Thirdly, Internet is a good mean of education. Teachers can teach on the Internet. Students can find various kinds of tests to do. In addition, they now can use the Internet as a time – saving decide by online schools or online lessons. In conclusion, almost every aspect of our life is concerned with the Internet. It’s a wonderful invention of our modern life. It makes our world a small village.

Archaeology and Prehistory of Cuba

Cuba is the largest of the Caribbean islands and one of the closest to the mainland. People, probably coming from Central America, first settled on Cuba around 4200 BC. Archaic Cuba Many of the oldest sites in Cuba are located in caves and rock shelters on the interior valleys and along the coast. Among these, the Levisa rock shelter, in the Levisa river valley, is the most ancient, dating to about 4000 BC. Archaic period sites usually include workshops with stone tools, such as small blades, hammer stones and polished stone balls, shell artifacts, and pendants. In few of these cave sites burial areas and examples of pictographs have been recorded. Most of these ancient sites were located along the coast and the change in sea levels has now submerged any evidence. In Western Cuba, hunter-gatherer groups, such as the early Ciboneys, maintained this pre-ceramic life style well into the Fifteenth century and after. Cuba First Pottery Pottery first appeared on Cuba around AD 800. In this period, Cuban cultures experienced an intense interaction with people from other Caribbean Islands, especially from Haiti and the Dominican Republic. For this reason, some archaeologists suggest that the introduction of pottery was due to groups of migrants from these islands. Others, instead, opt for a local innovation. The site of Arroyo del Palo, a small site in eastern Cuba, contains one of the earliest pottery examples in association with stone artifacts typical of the previous Archaic phase. Taino Culture in Cuba Taà ­no groups seem to have arrived at Cuba around AD 300, importing a farming life style. Most of the Taino settlements in Cuba were located in the easternmost region of the island. Sites such as La Campana, El Mango and Pueblo Viejo were large villages with large plazas and the typical Taà ­nos enclosed areas. Other important sites include the burial area of Chorro de Maà ­ta, and Los Buchillones, a well-preserved pile dwelling site on the north coast of Cuba. Cuba was among the first of the Caribbean Islands to be visited by the Europeans, during the first of Columbus voyages in 1492. It was conquered by the Spanish conquistador Diego de Velasquez in 1511. Archaeological Sites in Cuba Levisa rock shelterCueva FuncheSeborucoLos BuchillonesMonte CristoCayo RedondoArroyo del PaloBig Wall SitePueblo ViejoLa CampanaEl MangoChorro de Maà ­ta. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Caribbean, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Saunders Nicholas J., 2005, The Peoples of the Caribbean. An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California. Wilson, Samuel, 2007, The Archaeology of the Caribbean, Cambridge World Archaeology Series. Cambridge University Press, New York

Vaccines The Success Story - 2322 Words

Vaccines: The Success Story On Saturday, October 24, 2009, Brandon Gonzales was a normal 9-year-old boy living a healthy lifestyle. However, by the end of the week Brandon was at the mercy of the H1N1 disease, otherwise known as the flu. He was delirious, lethargic, feverish, and breath constricted when it was found that his lungs were filled with fluid, and his oxygen levels had dipped down to 43%. After much ventilation and constant attention, Brandon’s kidneys collapsed, and the rest of his organs failed. He was pronounced dead at 12:46 pm on October 29, 2009 (â€Å"Brandon G’s Story†). The reason? Brandon had never received the flu vaccine. All of these troubles could have be erased, and this perfect boy saved, by a simple trip to the doctor for a vaccine. Therefore, all healthy children should be vaccinated because declining diseases still pose a public threat, and vaccines are safe, effective, and inexpensive. Of course, if any of the benefits are t o be understood, it is important to first understand how vaccines and the immune system works. When disease cells enter the body, the immune system creates proteins called antibodies. These antibodies detect the source of the disease cells and quickly travel to the site. When the antibodies arrive they hastily destroy the disease by engulfing the cells. In doing so, the antibodies create a memory of the disease. This memory is called immunity, and it allows antibodies to understand the disease so that next time,Show MoreRelatedPoliomyelitis in Nigeria1712 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction For Nigeria, the polio virus is still around in the country because of purely religious reasons. A section of the country, precisely the northern axis spurned a theory that the polio vaccine was fertility control tool of the west. Nothing could be further from the truth! But for intervention of senior clerics and prominent politicians from the area, there would have a standstill in the eradication efforts. To worsen matters, damage had been done by the time of the interventionRead MoreVaccines Prevent The Human Race1697 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Vaccines prevent an estimated 2.5 million deaths among children younger than age 5 every year, [however;] 1 child dies every 20 seconds from a disease that could have been prevented by a vaccine† (Global Health Security: Immunization). Providing immunity to human, vaccines have saved countless lives through one simple injecting and have eradicated many diseases that used be common among people. Vaccines is the solution and allo w us to be able to combat diseases that have overwhelmed humans for centuriesRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Immunizations : Victims Of Their Own Success By Tony Cappello966 Words   |  4 PagesWhat do all these celebrities have in common? All of them are anti-vaccine. The articles that I have found that relate to my field of study are â€Å"Immunizations: Victims of Their Own Success† by Tony Cappello and â€Å"Addressing the Anti- Vaccination Movement and the Roles of HCW† by S. Tafuri, MS Gallone, MG Cappelli, D. Martinelli, R Prato, et al. Both of these articles are trying to portray the importance of the importance of vaccines to everyone, ranging from parents all the way to health care workersRead MoreChildhood Inoculations974 Words   |  4 Pagesdiseases. The side effects from vaccinations are generally mild. They may include a sore arm or a low-grade fever, The National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) promotes the rights of parents in the decision for childhood immunizations. They believe that there are significant risks that should be considered when facing the issue of immunizations. (National Vaccine Information Center, 2010) Some people believe that with the increase of vaccinations, we have seen an increase in diagnosis of symptomsRead MoreEssay on Polio an American Story by David M.Ochinsky1081 Words   |  5 PagesREVIEW POLIO AN AMERICAN STORY BY DAVID M.OCHINSKY PHAR 6605 Pharmaceutical Industry structure and government regulations PRESENTED BY: Asakiran Nadikatla PRESENTED TO: Gerard Cleaves Polio an American story is a scholarly readable and informative book which covers the lives of many American eminent scientists who struggled a lot to eradicate polio. This book mainly focuses on the mid twentieth century where the people are very eager to find a vaccine to eradicate polio .This bookRead MoreVaccines : The Greatest Medical Developments Of All Time1582 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines are arguably one of the greatest medical developments of all time. That being said, despite the amazing results they have shown against fighting disease, they have also encountered a great deal of controversy. In this paper, we will take a look into a few of the biggest obstacles vaccines have faced along the way. To date, the earliest recorded form of vaccination is believed to have occurred in China around 1000CE, when a young Chinese boy was inoculated against small pox by way of inhalingRead MoreVaccination Is Necessary For Every Child1382 Words   |  6 Pagesimmune namely HIV and of immunization that define the immune system of the child the quality of virus or bacteria to the child s immune system to build antibodies for each vaccine viral or bacterial and thus build a line of defense for the body immune against sudden some viruses and bacteria and Jratimha injury. This vaccine is a debilitating viruses or bacteria debilitating been Shell pathological have the ability, and therefore easier to give to a child so that his immune system to build antibodiesRead MoreThe HPV Vaccination Essay946 Words   |  4 Pagescurrent question on whether or not males should also be vaccinated. The issue is starting to play a huge role in the media; Fox news recently broadcasted a story on male HPV vaccinations. This story makes clear the benefits that would come from vaccinating males, including a statement from the Center for Disease Control that, â€Å"The HPV vaccine will afford protection against certain HPV-related conditions and cancers in males, and vaccination of males with HPV may also provide indirect protection ofRead MoreVaccines : Defense Against Disease Or Illness?1657 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines: Defense Against Disease or Initiators of Illness? Human beings are not invincible, for they are susceptible to things such as sickness, disease, and death. Throughout the years, humans have faced numerous outbreaks of different illnesses. In response to such outbreaks, people searched for ways to protect themselves. One protection method was vaccination. The creation of the first vaccine, the further development of common vaccinations, and the varied responses to vaccination have greatlyRead MoreVaccines Are Safe And Effective1361 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Vaccines are attributed to saving millions of lives in the United States, yet many parents refuse to protect their child from potentially dangerous diseases. With the accessibility of technology, it is easy to see how the anti-vaccine movement can persuade parents, but many find out the hard way the lack of evidence to support this trend. By understanding the sole purpose and statistical evidence supporting the effectiveness of vaccines, one can conclude our world is a much better place

Sex Trafficking And The United States - 1158 Words

When looking for topics to research I wanted to do something that was a prominent problem in my hometown, which was Sex Trafficking (ST). Coming from Houston, Texas, Sex Trafficking is one of the major hubs in the United States. Houston’s main highway I - 10 is the main road used to travel these victims to state lines to get them out of the country. A better definition of sex trafficking is when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult or cause a minor to commit a commercial sex act. A commercial sex act is a list of things known as prostitution, pornography, and sexual performance done in exchange for any item of value, such as money, drugs, shelter, food, or clothes( United Nations, In the United States alone 14,500 - 17,500 people are trafficked alone in the United States and 46% of it is from Texas. Most cases found on sex trafficking come from Women and Child, but there are a percentage of males that are trafficked, but because th e act makes most feel degraded they refuse to report it. The effects it has on victims is indescribable. Many programs were created and people were made available to help victims but still sometimes these victims do not get the closure they need. This topic is important because it is a worldwide social issue that destroys not only the person physically taken into the trafficking but everyone that is involved in saving that person. When choosing these two articles, â€Å"Sex Trafficking: Policies, Programs,Show MoreRelatedSex Trafficking And The United States1672 Words   |  7 Pageshuman sex trafficking, they think of heinous acts that take place in other countries where adults, children, girls and boys are exploited to perform sexual acts in exchange for money or goods against their will. They think it typically occurs in places that are less developed than the United States. However, the reality of this horrific crime is that it is taking place in the United States, and it oc curs more and more each and every day. Young girls are not solely the victim of human sex traffickingRead MoreSex Trafficking And The United States1405 Words   |  6 Pagesthat there were 4.5 million victims trapped in forced sexual exploitation, or sex trafficking, globally. Most would believe that this is a problem that does not occur in the United States, but they would be wrong. In 2007 alone, 14,588 sex trafficking cases were reported in the United States and the problem is only getting worse. This research paper will discuss multiple topics such as the definition of sex trafficking, recruitment and those at risk, where it occurs, organizations, consequences,Read MoreSex Trafficking Within The United States1355 Words   |  6 PagesBetween 14,500 and 17,500 victims are trafficked into the United States annually, and often, the average age of entry is thirteen to fourteen years old (Hodge, 2008). One victim recalls that her pimp, a man who controls sex workers and keeps the earnings, would take her and two other girls from the ninth grade out of school during lunchtime, have them do calls, and bring them back. She explains, â€Å"He knew how to read each girl—this one likes to party, that one needs a job, this one wants drugs.† ByRead MoreSex Trafficking Throughout The United States2098 Words   |  9 PagesSex Trafficking Introduction: When looking for topics to research I wanted to do something that was a prominent problem in my hometown, which was Sex Trafficking (ST). Coming from Houston, Texas, Sex Trafficking has the 2nd largest home in Houston. The main highway I - 10 is the main road used to travel these victims to state lines to get them out of the country. A better definition of sex trafficking is when someone uses force, fraud or coercion to cause a commercial sex act with an adult or causeRead MoreDomestic Human Sex Trafficking in the United States1300 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Human Sex Trafficking in the United States Human sex trafficking and its sister category, Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking also referred to as DMST, (Kotrla,K. 2010) is the most common form of modern day slavery. In the United States there are an estimated 293,000 youth who fall under high risk factor or DMST (Walker-Rodriguez, A. Hill, R. 2011). Many men prey on the at risk youth to make a fortune for themselves. DMST exposes the youth to a life filled with violence, abuse that is bothRead MoreEssay on The New Slave: Sex Trafficking in America910 Words   |  4 PagesThe New Slaves: Sex Trafficking in America When most Americans hear the term ‘sex trafficking’ thoughts of helpless women and children in poor, developing, countries come to mind. However, most Americans would be downright shocked and dismayed to learn that many victims of sex trafficking reside right here in the United States. Moreover, many of the victims of sex trafficking in America were victimized by other Americans. This is a pressing national issue to which neither small, rural towns or largeRead MoreProstitution, The Act Of Prostitution1324 Words   |  6 Pages Prostitution, the act of â€Å"providing or receiving sexual acts, between a prostitute and a client, in exchange for money or some other form of remuneration† (Hock 557). The idea of exchanging sex for valuables has been seen since the beginning of human society; the first reported data about prostitution was reported around 3000 B.C.E in one of the first known civilizations, Mesopotamia (Caraboi and Fierbinteanu 362). Also, prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession.† TodayRead MoreVictims of Trafficking Protection Act Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesfeature to the VTVPA is that the United States will penalize countries if they do not comply with the VTVPA (Holman, 2009). This is an imperative feature and I think that it should be implemented throughout every single piece of legislation that deals with trafficking. Countries should be held accountable if they do not comply. The only way that sex trafficking can be officially over is if every single country complies with all the legislation. The United States looks at six different factors whenRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Sex Trafficking1199 Words   |  5 PagesChild Sex Trafficking Have you ever walked into Wal-Mart and taken the time to look at the numerous pictures of missing youth that is plastered on the wall? When looking at how long they have been missing, it ranges anywhere from months to years. Looking at their age, both boys and girls, it is hard not to wonder if these kids are being trafficked. Child sex trafficking, also known as human trafficking, is a major issue that is not only plaguing the United States, but the world. ResidingRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Common Issue For A Long Time1394 Words   |  6 Pages Sex trafficking can happen everywhere. People do not even realize when it is happening. Someone could be living their life, just as they normally do, and decided to go to the mall. Sometimes they may not even know that a little kid is going to be kidnapped, and later raped. This is what sex trafficking is. Sex trafficking is commonly defined as when violence, drugs, lies, or any other form of coercion is used to force another perso n to have sex against their will. (Sex Trafficking in the U.S, 1)

Pathophysiology Associated With Disorder Symptoms †Free Samples

Question: Discuss About The Pathophysiology Associated Disorder Symptoms? Answer: Introducation The patient is suffering form mild and moderate levels of Alzheimers diseases. He is having memory loss and confusion. He is also having issues with recognition of family members and friends and had withdrawn him socially. He is also suffering from depression and therefore he is having a very low quality life. Alzheimers disease mainly affects three important aspects that are helpful in keeping the neuron healthy (Da Mesquito et al., 2016). They are the communication, metabolism as well as the repairs. There are many researchers who have stated that these disorders mainly arise when the important nerve cells of the brain stop working along with the losing of connections with other nerve cells ultimately resulting in death. It the destruction as well as the death of the mentioned nerve cells which become mainly responsible for the cause of memory failure, personality changes as well as problems in leading the daily activities of life (Wood et al., 2015). Researchers are of the opinion that the development of senile plaques precedes the onset of the disorder. Also the formation of neurofibrillar tangles, neuron loss and also synapse loss take place in association of the main progression of cognitive decline. In normal cases, the protein called tau which is responsible in binding with the microtubules of healthy neurons is responsible for stabilising the nerves. In case of the disorder, these tau proteins chemically change and thereby pairs with other threads of tau forming different tangles. These lead to formation of neurofibrillary tangles that affect the communication in between the neurons. These ultimately cause cell death (Kumar Singh, 2015). Also senile plaques which are also called the beta-amyloidal plaques and cerebro-cortical atrophy at the macroscopic level are also responsible for the sufferings of the patients. In case of Alzheimers patients plaques are mainly developed in the hippocampus which is a structure deep in the brain. This part is mainly responsible in encoding memories. Plaques also appear in other areas of cerebral cortex which mainly help an individual in thinking and also in decision making. Therefore it is seen in the case study, that the individual is suffering from memory loss symptoms largely. Tangles are also insoluble twisted fibres that build up inside the nerve cells that hamper the memory system of patients. A large number of studies have suggested that development of depression and also social withdrawal increases the chance of getting affected by dementia and Alzheimers diseases by many folds. Investigations which have been done by researchers show that depression is intricately linked with Alzheimers, the exact biological background is still under controversy but evidences available suggest that depressed people always produce hormone cortisol in high levels. This has negative effect on the part of the brain responsible for new learning as well as short term memory which is the hippocampus (Abolhassani et al., 2017). People like the patient in the case study who are depressed have higher level of cortisol that mainly is hormone related with stress response and also has a smaller hippocampus. Many others suggest that depression causes chronic inflammatory changes which dispose depressed patients to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimers disorder. As his own property was getting g divides, it might have lead him to depression and social withdrawal which h had caused him to suffer form Alzheimers as well. Pharmacologic management: The professional should keep in mind that Alzheimers diseases is a progressive diseases where the patient will continue to decline in function whether they are rerated or are kept without treatment. Therefore, pharmacologic management would be such that it would help to preserve and facilitate the remaining function of the synapse and allowing a higher level of function for a longer time rather than making goals of stopping the neuronal loss (Carbera et al., 2015). The later is simply not logical and will not bring any fruitful results. Slowing the decline will be beneficial for the patients and although the management would not fully cure him of the disorder but will help to slow down the process of degradation. One of the best treatment paradigms would be to avail for the cholinergic benefits. If the loss of acetylcholine is the main reason that results in defect of the primary neurotransmitter, then increment in its production and at the same time inhibiting destruction and also activating the receptors provide a beneficial therapy for slowing the decline (Wang et al., 2014). ACH breaks down in the synaptic junctions by acetylcholinesterase. By this breakdown prevention , medicines of this enzyme group can prevent destruction of ACH. Donepezil, rivastigimine and galantamine are important acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors who work in the same patterns. They have low incidence of serous reactions but they show various cholinergic side effects. These include anorexia, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhoea; however the patient develops tolerance to them over time. They help in improvement of cognition, global impressions, functions, disturbed behaviours and others. Instruments that measure the cognit ion power are the Mini-Mental State Examination, Alzheimer's disease Assessment Scale, Cognitive Section, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Physical Self-Maintenance Scale and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living1 and others are also used (Varcolis et al. 2016). Vitamin E is also believed to mitigate the inflammatory response of the plaque formation in the brain. Memantine is a recently approved drug by NMDA antagonist. They basically interfere with the glutaminergic overstimulation causing excite-toxicity. By interfering with that of the excite-toxicity it affects the receptors of NMDA that takes part in memory processing and pathology of the disorder. The drug is found to be very effective in trials conducted by researchers and bring positive results in cognition, function and also in behaviour and global status. Pathology tests have showed that people who suffer from the disorders have microscopic inflammation in their brain and as a result anti-inflammatory agents are found to be useful in such a scenario. These often include diclofenac, rofecoxib, naproxen and also most recently ibuprofen. However, there are not many evidences which suggest the continuance of the medicines as protective agents for Alzheimers disorder. Herbal supplements are also said to be helpful for this disorder when used in conjunction of other prescribed therapies. The most frequent choice includes the use of ginko biloba which mainly act as a flavoglycoside in its pharmacologic effect. This mainly acts a s potent free radical scavenger and function as antioxidant. References: Abolhassani, N., Leon, J., Sheng, Z., Oka, S., Hamasaki, H., Iwaki, T., Nakabeppu, Y. (2017). Molecular pathophysiology of impaired glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative DNA damage in Alzheimer's disease brain.Mechanisms of ageing and development,161, 95-104. Cabrera, E., Sutcliffe, C., Verbeek, H., Saks, K., Soto-Martin, M., Meyer, G., ... RightTimePlaceCare Consortium. (2015). Non-pharmacological interventions as a best practice strategy in people with dementia living in nursing homes. A systematic review.European Geriatric Medicine,6(2), 134-150. Constantin, G. (2016). ROLE OF PERIPHERAL INFLAMMATION IN COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND ALZHEIMERS DISEASE.Alzheimer's Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association,12(7), P221. D Mesquita, S., Ferreira, A. C., Sousa, J. C., Correia-Neves, M., Sousa, N., Marques, F. (2016). Insights on the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease: the crosstalk between amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation and the peripheral immune system.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,68, 547-562. Kumar, A., Singh, A. (2015). A review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and its management: an update.Pharmacological Reports,67(2), 195-203. Varcarolis, E. M. (2016).Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing-E-Book: A Communication Approach to Evidence-Based Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Wang, J., Yu, J. T., Wang, H. F., Meng, X. F., Wang, C., Tan, C. C., Tan, L. (2014). Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer9s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, jnnp-2014. Wood, P. L., Medicherla, S., Sheikh, N., Terry, B., Phillipps, A., Kaye, J. A., ... Woltjer, R. L. (2015). Targeted lipidomics of fontal cortex and plasma diacylglycerols (DAG) in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimers disease: validation of DAG accumulation early in the pathophysiology of Alzheimers disease.Journal of Alzheimer's Disease,48(2), 537-546.

Chef Satisfaction free essay sample

The findings showed that employees’ job satisfaction directly and positively influences organizational commitment, but does not directly influence job performance. Employees’ job satisfaction enhances job performance only through organizational commitment. Internal marketing, empowerment and leadership also positively influence job satisfaction. Empowerment and leadership enhance employees’ organizational commitment. Internal job stress negatively influences employees’ job satisfaction and external job stress enhances employees’ job performance. According to the findings, this paper realized the main factors which influence hospitality industry employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance, which can function as criteria for human resource management in the hospitality industry. Key words: Hospitality industry, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job performance.   With the change of the industrial structure in recent years, the output value of the service industry has become more than 70% of the GDP in most advanced countries (CIA, 2009). Thus, the service industry plays a significant role in national economic development. In 2008, as the world encountered a financial tsunami, the governments of different countries selected potential service industries and supported them with resources, in order to energize economic development. The hospitality industry is a typical service industry, and it is critical service industry around the world. In Taiwan, the scale of the hospitality industry has been increasing year by year. According to the Statistics Department, Ministry of Economic Affairs, in 2001 the business volume of the hospitality industry in Taiwan was NTD 261. 3 billion. In 2006 it passed NTD 300 billion and in 2009 it reached NTD 321. 7 billion. However, the hospitality industry refers to labor services and relies on manpower in areas such as production, delivery and restaurant service. Thus, the hospitality industry is mainly based on services. As mentioned in Bitner’s (1995) framework of the service marketing triangle, service providers play a critical role in the service industries. In service industry management, regarding the importance of employees, Heskett et al. (1994) proposed the framework of service profit chain. In the service profit chain, there are critical linkages among internal service *Corresponding author. E-mail: [emailprotected] tcmt. edu. tw. Tel: +886-2-28102292 ext. 5009. Fax: +886-2-2810-6688. Tsai et al. 4119 quality, employee satisfaction/productivity, the value of services provided to the customer, customer satisfaction and company’s profits. This chain shows that internal service quality can enhance employee satisfaction, which will enhance employee productivity and further result in external service value and enhanced customer satisfaction. Finally, the company can make a profit (Zeithaml et al. , 2009). Therefore, satisfied employees make satisfied customers. Service personnel satisfaction significantly influences organizational commitment and job performance on customer satisfaction and corporate operational performance (Ladkin, 2002; Dunlap et al. , 1988; Tansuhaj et al. , 1988; Chowdhary, 2003; Yang and Chen, 2010). How to enhance service personnel satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance is a critical issue in service industry management. In past research on employee satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance, many scholars (Babin and Boles, 1998; Bernhardt et al. 2000; Van Scotter, 2000; Koys, 2003; Testa, 2001) have validated that employees’ job satisfaction positively influences job performance and organizational commitment. In studies on factors of employees’ job satisfaction, job performance and organizational commitment, the service profit chain proposed by Heskett et al. (1994) and service marketing management model indica ted by Tansuhaj et al. (1988) on overall service industry both demonstrated that managements internal marketing activities produce job satisfaction and commitment to the organization. In addition, many studies have found close relationships between leadership, employee satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance (Billingsley and Cross, 1992; Yammarino and Dubinsky, 1994; Burton et al. , 2002; Avolio et al. , 2004; Chen and Silverthorne, 2005). The above studies have mainly focused on the educational service industry, retail industry, manufacturing service industry, medical service industry and governmental institutions, but have not conducted indepth explorations on the hospitality service industry. Hopfl (1994) indicated that in the service delivery, firstline employees must be empowered to some degree in order to cope with customers’ special demands. Thus, job empowerment can be treated as important management to encourage first-line service personnel and immediately solve customers’ differential demands. Avolio et al. (2004), Caykoylu et al. (2007) and Chen et al. (2008) respectively conducted empirical studies on medical personnel and employees of the telecommunication industry, banking industry and postal industry, and found that empowerment positively influences employee satisfaction and organizational commitment. One issue worthy of further study is the extent of how empowerment positively influences hospitality industry employee satisfaction and organizational commitment. In addition, first-line employees face different customer demands and supervisor requirements, therefore job stress is a critical issue for them. Jamal (1990) and Jex (1998) suggested that reducing employees’ job stress could enhance employees’ job satisfaction and job performance. Williams and Cooper (2002) and Ouyang (2009) indicated that proper job stress would enhance employees’ job performance. In the hospitality industry, the influence of job stress from external customers and internal supervisors on employees’ job satisfaction and job performance is an issue worthy of further exploration. Based on the above, internal marketing, leadership, empowerment and job stress are possible factors of service industry employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance, and these factors are validated in various service industries. However, the outcomes in different service industries are not the same. For the hospitality industry, it is important to validate and analyze the influences of the above factors on employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. Thus, this study intended to combine internal marketing, leadership, empowerment and job stress and proposed an integrated model of hospitality industry employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. Hospitality industry employees in Taipei City were treated as the subjects, and the researcher probed into factors of hospitality industry employees’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance in order to function as criteria for management in the hospitality industry. LITERATURE REVIEW Job satisfaction The term â€Å"job satisfaction† was proposed by Hoppock (1935) who suggested that job satisfaction means employees’ emotions and attitude toward their jobs, and is their subjective reaction toward their jobs. The definition of job satisfaction is generalized into three categories: (1) Definition of generality: Job satisfaction refers to the affective reaction to one’s job as the most (Ozer and Gunluk, 2010). Job satisfaction, which is one of the most important necessities for an individual to be successful, happy and productive, is a feeling of satisfaction, that is, an outcome of the perception of what the job provides for an individual (Ay and Av aro lu, 2010); (2) Definition of difference: This refers to the degree of satisfaction and the difference between ndividual actual returns and required returns. For instance, Porter and Lawler (1968) suggested that the degree of satisfaction depends on the difference between a person’s actual returns and expected returns; (3) Definition of criterion framework: Peoples subjective perception and interpretation on objective traits of organizations or jobs would be influenced by individual criterion framework. According to Smith et al. (1969), job satisfaction is the outcome after a person interprets the job traits according 4120 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. o the criterion framework. The influence of certain work situations on job satisfaction is related to many factors, such as comparisons between good and bad jobs, comparisons with others, personal competency and past experience, etc. Job performance Kane and Lawler (1976) suggested that job performance refers to the record of the results when employees have practiced a job for a certain period of time. According to Schermerhorn (1989), job performance refers to the quality and quantity accomplished by individuals or groups after fulfilling a task. After a certain period of time, measurements of employees’ job performance could serve as criterion for promotions, wage adjustments, rewards, punishments and evaluations. Cascio (2006) suggested that managers must specifically define performance to allow the teams or employees to recognize the organizational expectations in order to fulfill the organizational goals. In other words, managers must set concrete goals, trace the fulfillment degree and evaluate the teams’ or employees’ performance. Van Scotter and Motowidlo (1996) suggested that employees with a high degree of job enthusiasm will demonstrate extra effort and devotion, and will actively seek out solutions to problems at work in order to enhance their job performance. Robbins (1998) divided the measurement of job performance into job result, job behavior and personal traits. Lee et al. (1999) divided job performance into efficiency, efficacy and quality. Efficiency refers to the employees’ output rate and is the ability to accomplish tasks before deadline. Efficacy refers to the employees’ goal accomplishment rate and proposals. Quality refers to the employees’ error rate and complaint rate, supervisor satisfaction, customer satisfaction and colleague satisfaction. This study suggested that in the application of this construct to measure hospitality industry employees’ job performance, efficiency should refer to the employees’ speed in customer service, efficacy should mean the accomplishment of tasks assigned by customers, and quality should mean the employees’ performance in customer service. As to measurement, Shore and Thornton (1986) indicated that self-evaluation allows individuals to participate in performance evaluation and serves as a criterion. Based on the above, according to the views of Lee et al. (1999), this study divided job performance into efficiency, efficacy and quality, and measured hospitality industry employees’ job performance using employee self-evaluation. Smith et al. (1969) proposed the Job Description Index (JDI) to measure job satisfaction, with the constructs including wage, promotion, job, supervisors and colleagues. Black and Gregersen (1997) found a positive correlation between job satisfaction and job performance. Organ (1990) suggested that when employees are satisfied with their work, they are willing to sacrifice themselves and devote to their organization. Organizational commitment From the perspective of attitude, Porter et al. (1974) indicated that organizational commitment is a person’s active and positive intention to identify with and internalize organizational goals and value. According to Reyes and Pounder (1990), organizational commitment is the strong belief and intention to identify with organizational value, devote to and stay with the organization. Mathews and Shepherd (2002) suggested that organizational commitment refers to workers’ attitude, behavior and connection between individuals and the organization. Guest (1995) indicated that organizational commitment is at the core of human resource management. It transforms traditional manpower management into the core of human resources. Organizational members’ attitude or intentions particularly indicate the importance of employees’ organizational commitment. Dee et al. (2006) suggested that organizational commitment is a person’s intention to devote to and be loyal to the organization. Lambert et al. (2006) suggested that organizational commitment is the structural phenomenon of trading between individuals and organizations. It increases with time, but it does not lead to a transferable investment outcome. Thus, in theoretical study and practical use, scholars have valued organizational commitment in human resource management. In recent years, many scholars have probed into organizational commitment from the view of Porter et al. (1974). Thus, this study also followed the above view and divided organizational commitment into value commitment, effort commitment and retention commitment. This study further treated these three constructs as criteria to measure hospitality industry employees organizational commitment. Definitions of these constructs are thus shown: (1) Value commitment: a strong belief and identification with organizational goals and values. 2) Effort commitment: the intention to devote more to the organization. (3) Retention commitment: a strong intention to continue being part of the organization. Internal marketing Internal Marketing (IM) is the process of handling staff as internal customers and projects as internal products that satisfy the needs and desires of the customers and adhere to the company’s goals (Berry and Parasuraman, 1991). Rafiq and Ahmed (1993) suggest that internal marketing involves â€Å"a planned effort to overcome organizational resistance to change and to align, motivate Tsai et al. 4121 nd integrate employees towards the effective implementation of corporate and functional strategies†. Joseph (1996) suggested that internal marketing is can be applied to marketing and human resource management, combining theoretical techniques and principles in order to encourage, recruit and manage all employees in the organization and constantly improve external customer service and mutual services. In addition, Ahmed et al. (2003) defined internal marketing as the emp loyees’ evaluation of the reward system, internal communication, training and development of the company. Internal marketing empirical research in the service sector has proven that internal marketing has influenced on internal customers (that is, employees) satisfactions. Berry and Parasuraman (1991) suggested that the advantages of internal marketing implementation in organizations are as follows: (1) To acquire and keep excellent talent; (2) to provide a common vision so that employees have job purpose and meaning; (3) to give employees the ability and knowledge to accomplish the work; (4) to encourage employees to share the results of teamwork; (5) to create job designs be based on the findings of marketing studies. The aforementioned views reveal that corporate implementation of internal marketing allows employees to enhance service quality, which increases the production and profits of the companies. The implementation of internal marketing in the organizations results in an internal service culture, raises service consciousness and increases profits (Parasuraman et al. , 1985). Based on the views of these scholars, internal marketing is critical for organizations and influences external marketing to further enhance customer satisfaction. According to the these definitions and based on the views of Rafiq and Ahmed (1993) and Ahmed et al. (2003), this study treated employee evaluations of reward systems, internal communication, and training and development of companies as criterion for measuring internal marketing of the hospitality industry. Leadership Leadership refers the process of influencing the team to accomplish the goals (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). Leaders are key success factors of an organization (Bass, 1985; Daft, 2002). Skillful leaders recognize and use the interpersonal relationships of the team and strengthen the members’ loyalty and morale. Effective leaders must learn skills such as patiently sharing information, trusting others and recognizing the timing of interventions (Steckler and Fondas, 1995). In recent years, numerous scholars have tried to discuss leadership from new perspectives. New studies of leadership theory have particularly stressed the influences of demands between leaders and subordinates, the interaction of personality traits and situational factors on leadership (Bargal and Schmid, 1989). Corporate leaders must select a proper leadership according to their subordinates’ different demands for supervision, in order to enhance employee satisfaction and fulfill expected goals. Bass and Avolio (1997) divided leadership into transformational leadership and transactional leadership. In transformational leadership, subordinates trust, respect and are loyal to their leaders. Leaders can develop their subordinates’ potential and enhance their confidence by changing their values and beliefs in order to increase their organizational commitment, intention and motivation to create exceptional outcomes. Transformational leadership can be divided into ideal traits, ideal behavior, the encouragement of inspiration, and the stimulation of wisdom and individual care. In addition, transactional leadership means leaders and members remain in the process of negotiation and mutual benefit instead of a persistent one-purpose relationship. Social exchange theory is treated as the theoretical base. When subordinates act according to their leaders’ expectations, they will have returns with a specific value. Transactional leadership can be divided into contingent rewards, and active and passive exceptional management. Most quantitative studies on leadership have created questionnaires using the MLQ scale designed by Bass and Avolio (1997). The MLQ scale includes two constructs (transformational leadership and transactional leadership). This study also designed a leadership questionnaire for the hospitality industry according to the MLQ scale. Empowerment Empowerment signals a transition away from traditional development that confined people’s role to that of passive recipients, effectively rendering them dependent on handouts in the form of foreign aid (O’Gorman, 1995). Bowen and Lawler III (1992) define empowerment as sharing with frontline employees four organizational ingredients: (1) Information about the organizations performance; (2) rewards based on the organizations performance; (3) knowledge about contributing to organizational performance; (4) power to make decisions that influence organizational direction and performance. Murat and Thomas (2003) suggested that empowerment does not simply refer to telling employees that they are empowered, but aims to allow the employees to recognize what power has been authorized. Boudrias et al. (2004) suggested that in managerial circles, empowerment application includes two types: (1) Empowering the responsibility of decision-making to subordinates while emphasizing rich work environments 4122 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. and diverse authority, information, resources and support, and providing the opportunity to learn in order to improve performance; (2) psychological empowerment, which refers to employees’ experiences of empowerment that are inferred as a mediating variable of empowerment and expected results. According to Sherman (1996), empowerment acknowledges that employees have the power to change in order to encourage employees to increase their competency. Kanter (1993) suggested that empowerment can keep employees from feeling helpless. Organizations could thus reduce negative effects such as low morale. The most significant effect of empowerment is to enhance employees’ abilities and self-efficacy (Conger and Kanungo, 1988). Bowen and Lawler III (1992) suggested the advantages of empowerment for organizations below: (1) To rapidly respond to customer demands and questions; (2) a high degree of employees’ job satisfaction; (3) positive interactions with consumers; (4) employees with creative thoughts; (5) the creation of loyal customers. About the definition of psychological empowerment, Spreitzer (1995) defines this concept as the psychological state that employees must experience for managerial empowerment interventions to be successful.